Titration Essays

Titration Essays Titration Essay Titration Essay A trading standards officer suspects that a wholesaler is supplying fish and chip shops with vinegar that has been watered down. The officer has collected several samples of the vinegar from different shops, together with a sample of the same brand of vinegar direct from the manufacturer. My task in this assignment is to analyse the samples by titration and to decide which of the samples, if any have been watered down. I will then prepare a report for the officer showing the extent to which the vinegar samples have been watered down if at all. I was given the manufacturers sample and three other samples to test.The VariablesThe possible input variables are the concentration of the vinegar, the concentration of sodium hydroxide, the amount of vinegar, amount of sodium hydroxide, the amount of phenolphthalein (indicator) and the temperature. My possible outcome variables are the amount of vinegar needed to neutralize the sodium hydroxide and the speed of the reaction.The input variable I have decided to change is the concentration of the vinegar and the output variable I have decided to measure is the amount of vinegar needed to neutralize the sodium hydroxide. My control variables that I will keep the same to make my experiment fair are the amount and concentration of sodium hydroxide, the starting amount of vinegar, the amount of phenolphthalein and the same equipment.PredictionMy prediction is The higher the concentration of vinegar the less vinegar needed to neutralize the solution of vinegar and sodium hydroxide because if the vinegar has a low concentration then it contains a smaller number of moles per litre. So therefore more of the vinegar would be needed to neutralize the sodium hydroxide. If the vinegar was of a higher concentration less of it would be needed to neutralize the sodium hydroxide.Equipment ListBurettePipettePipette fillerConical flaskBeakers x2FunnelClamp standWhite tilePhenolphthalein indicatorSodium hydroxideVinegar samples: manufacture rs, sample 1,2,3Diagram of EquipmentRisk AssessmentI decided to make the experiment safe by wearing goggles at all times and not sitting down while doing the experiment. Also I tried not to spill and liquid or get any on my clothes and skin.Step by Step ProcedureThis is what I did:1. I will get all equipment out that is on the equipment list.2. I will label and fill two beakers with the reacting solutions.3. I will pour a little of the vinegar into the burette to rinse it. Then pour away the solution.4. I will fill the burette with vinegar and then let the solution out until the meniscus is on the zero line.5. Then using a pipette filler I will rinse out the pipette using the sodium hydroxide and then pour it away. Then fill the pipette to way past the line.6. Carefully let the solution out until the meniscus is on the line.7. I will then run the solution into a conical flask.8. I will add 7 drops of indicator and the solution will turn purple and put it on the white tile that is on the clamp stand.9. Run the solution from the burette into the conical flask a bit at a time, swirling the flask all the time.10. Stop when the indicator has changed the solution from purple to clear and note the reading on the burette.11. Empty and rinse the conical flask and then refill and zero the burette.12. Using the pipette filler, refill the pipette and let the solution out until the meniscus is on the line.13. Repeat steps 5, 6 and 7.14. Repeat step 8 but stop about 1cm before the previously recorded volume. Then add the vinegar drop by drop until the solution goes clear.15. Record the volume added in a table.16. Do at least three readings within 0.1 cm of each other for each sample.Scientific KnowledgeEquation for the reaction:Acid + Alkali Salt + WaterSodium Hydroxide + Ethanoic Acid Sodium Ethanoate + WaterNaOH + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H2O1 Mole + 1 Mole 1 Mole + 1 MoleI know that it takes 1 mole of NaOH to neutralize 1 mole of CH3COOH and then you get 1 mole of CH3COONa and 1 mole of H20amount of moles = concentration x volumea = cv= 0.1 x 25/1000= 0.0025 moles of NaOH0.0025 moles of sodium hydroxide and Ethanoic acid are needed each time.The less concentrated the vinegar the smaller the number of moles it will contain per litre so it will therefore take more of the solution to neutralize the solution.Test RunsRun12345Amount of acid needed (cm )272727.126.727.1My test runs were to show me how the equipment was set up and how the experiment worked and what I had to do in the experiment.Recording ResultsI recorded my results in a table but also in a graph. I will take an average of each set of results.SampleRun 1- Amount of vinegar needed (cm )Run 2- Amount of vinegar needed (cm )Run 3- Amount of vinegar needed (cm )Average amount of vinegar needed (cm )Manufacturers sample7.908.007.907.93Sample 116.5016.5016.6016.53Sample 225.9026.0025.9025.93Sample 334.5034.5034.6034.53The reaction that takes place is the neutralization of sodium hydroxide and eth anoic acid.Acid + Alkali = Salt + WaterCH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O1 mole + 1 mole = 1 mole + 1 moleConclusionHere are my calculations to find out the concentration and 1/concentration of each of the samples of vinegar. The calculation is: concentration = amount in moles/volume x 1000.SampleCalculation:c = a/v x 1000Concentration1/concentrationManufacturers sample0.0025/7.93 x 10000.3152585120.315 to 3SF3.1723.17 to 3SFSample 10.0025/16.53 x 10000.1512401690.151 to 3SF6.6120000176.61 to 3SFSample 20.0025/25.93 x 10000.0964134210.0964 to 3SF10.3719999710.4 to 3SFSample 30.0025/34.53 x 10000.0724008110.0724 to 3SF13.8119999813.8 to 3SFThe first graph I plotted was average volume of vinegar against the concentration of vinegar. In this graph I have found that the points join up as a curve the graph shows me that the higher the concentration of vinegar the less vinegar needed to neutralize the solution of vinegar and sodium hydroxide. This matches up with my original prediction that The higher the concentration of vinegar the less vinegar needed to neutralize the solution of vinegar and sodium hydroxide. As the volume halves the concentration doubles, for example on my graph the volume is 26 cm and the concentration is 0.10 moles and when the volume is 13cm ,the concentration is 0.20 moles.On the second graph I plotted the axis was volume of vinegar against 1/concentration of vinegar. In this graph I have found that all the points join up to become a straight line. I have found that sample 1, 2 and 3 have been watered down because the concentration for those three samples is lower than the concentration of the manufacturers sample.EvaluationIn my experiment I have completed it fairly, the equipment I used to make it fair was the same volume pipette and burette. This is because they have a line on them and the meniscus of the liquid is on the line so I will be using the same volume of liquid every time. On my first graph the first three points are joined up by m ore of a straight line than the curve that joins the 3rd and 4th points up. To make this more of a smooth curve I could have missed a point out of it to make it smooth. I have enough results to support my conclusion because every result I took was within 0.1 cm of each other. To further my experiment I could react all of the samples with magnesium and then the less concentrated vinegars will react slower.

What the sub-editor saw - Emphasis

What the sub-editor saw What the sub-editor saw Hello, Im Cathy, and Im a sub-editor (scourge of the newsroom, pedant and dictionary botherer). As such, my job is to spot inaccuracies, correct typos, clean up grammar and write headlines. I spend most of my time working at the broadsheets, where the copy is of very high quality. Even so, there are still plenty of opportunities for words to go crazy and cause mayhem, as they have a way of doing. Ill be keeping an eye out while Im on my rounds, and reporting in to Emphasis from time to time on the mistakes I find. After all, what better way to learn than from the mistakes of others? (Far less painful than ones own!) This week From triplets to tautology, the wrong Teresa to the wrong Labour politician, heres a round-up of a few corkers I spotted this week. Youve probably heard the nursery rhyme As I was going to St Ives, I met a man with seven wives; each wife held seven sacks, each sack had seven cats Well, I was reminded of that when I spotted this sentence, which features a common tautology (tautology: using multiple words to describe the same thing). Farhana Shaukat, a mother of three triplets, gave a clue as to why the pupils were queuing up outside. They get bored with the holidays, she said. Three triplets? So how many were going to St Ives three or nine? Triplets only has one meaning: three children born at the same time. The addition of three is unnecessary, but surprisingly common (along with the other favourite two twins). Its not a big mistake, by any means. But its worth avoiding even if only for the reason that some stickler will always pick you up on it otherwise (erm, yes, thats me). Health risk Moving on swiftly, we go from an extraneous word to a missing word and this time, an important one. This is a good example of how one word can completely change the meaning of a sentence. And its so easy to do, especially when youre in full flow and thinking faster than you can write. The following was very nearly published as the headline to a piece on the 10-year anniversary of 9/11. Spot the missing word. World Trade Centre attacks left rescuers and bystanders with raised risk of physical and mental health, Lancet reveals Its not only missing words that can cause mischief letters can be equally troublesome. The following sentence has a letter missing. Can you spot it? The inquiry, ordered by Teresa May, is being carried out by Her Majestys Inspectorate of Constabulary. Its an h. The home secretary is a Theresa, not a Teresa. Pah! you say. Thats just a typo, nothing to sweat over. And yes, thats fair. But a Teresa May does exist, and she has a profession that our Theresa probably wouldnt appreciate being associated with. Ahem. (Shes a porn star.) Lets play spot the letter again, in a similarly scandalous vein. This time, though, youre looking for an extra one, not a missing one. Ready? This month a 51-year-old officer will answer police bail after being arrested on suspicion of misconduct in a public officer over alleged unauthorised leaks from the Operation Weeting phone-hacking inquiry. Misconduct in a whaaat? Madre mia! That should, needless to say, read misconduct in a public office. Brown, in the farmhouse, with the Okay, thats more than enough smut. Back to serious things. This final example is one of those mistakes that is terrifyingly easy to make when youve been working on something at length and suddenly your brain turns bad and attacks you. This came at the end of a very long and detailed story on Alistair Darlings new book, in which the words Brown and Darling occurred many times over, and always in the right place until That weekend, Brown reveals that he held a secret meeting with Miliband at a farmhouse in Essex. Grammatically, its fine. No typos, no dodgy apostrophes. So whats the problem? Simply that its wrong. It was Darling, not Brown, who revealed and attended the secret meeting and the scary truth is that no spellcheck can pick up that kind of (potentially libellous) mistake. The moral of the story? Proofread, proofread and proofread. Ideally, ask someone else to proofread for you and dont feel bad if they pick up errors. None of the mistakes Ive mentioned above were made through ignorance or stupidity simply through human error. We all make em. The best protection is knowing it. This is a guest blog post by Cathy Relf, a freelance sub-editor.

Violence Among American Youths Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Violence Among American Youths - Essay Example ates, homicide resulting from violence committed by or suffered by the youth has been identified as being identified as the second leading cause of death among American people aged between 15-24 years old. The increasing violence has also been identified as having a number of negative economic effects on the country’s economy. By exploring the different causes and effects of increasing levels of violence among the youth and children, this paper will seek to show that increasing violence among children and youth across the entire United States is having an adversely negative impact on the country’s economy. Media Exposure and Aggressive and Violent Behavior: There has been an intensely raging debate over the years as to the extent to which media violence has served to contribute as a major cause of children and youth violence and aggression. The exposure youth and children in the United States get to violent media has been noted to be extremely high. Different bodies have presented reports and advisories against media violence but these have largely been ignored. Some of these bodies include the AMA and the APA (Escobar-Chaves & Anderson, 2008). There have been numerous empirical studies conducted that have been able to establish links between aggression and media violence. These studies have all managed to reach the conclusion that media violence definitely increases aggressive behavior among youth and children. Poor Parenting: Various aspects of parenting have been identified as possibly contributing to the increased violent behavior among children and youth in the United States. These include poor supervision, parental disharmony in the home, limited involvement by parents in a child’s activities such as school plays and games, erratic and harsh discipline as well as the rejection of a child (Seifert, Ray & Schmidt, 2012). The effect of these poor parenting traits is that parents who exhibit these behaviors often tend to engage in various parent-child

DQ1 Problem Response, and conclusion, DQ Payouts to Shareholder w9DB Essay

DQ1 Problem Response, and conclusion, DQ Payouts to Shareholder w9DB - Essay Example In a situation where the managers know that the correct value of their shares is $14.50, the best thing they should do to raise $500 million is by borrowing the money. This is because the investors will know that the price of the share is underpriced and will not be willing to buy equity. This can be explained as follows: We know the cost of borrowing is $ 0.20 per share and if the firm sells 37 million shares at a discount of $1 per share ($14.50 - $13.50), they will have to bear the cost of $37 million or, $0.27 per share (Putra, 2008). Therefore it will be advisable to issue debt in such a scenario. According to my personal opinion, if the firm has no distress costs and only tax benefits, it will issue equity only if it is overpriced. However the investors will try to buy the shares of the firm at the lowest possible price since they know that the equity is overpriced. This will result in declining the market price of the equity and the firm will not benefit at all. So it would be better for IST to issue debt in such a scenario as it will only enhance its market price. Putra. (2008, September 12). How are Earning Per Share (EPS) calculated? In Accounting Financial and Tax. Retrieved from http://accounting-financial-tax.com/2008/09/how-are- earning-per-share-eps-computed/ Repurchase Tender offers – This approach is generally used in large equity purchases. In this approach, a firm fixes the specific price at which it wants to purchase back the shares, the number of shares it wants to buy back and the time period for the offer. It further invites the stockholders who are willing to surrender their shares for repurchase by the firm (Putra, 2009). Open Market Purchases – This approach is primarily used for smaller repurchases. In this method, the firm has the liberty to decide the number of share it wants to buy back and also the time of repurchase. In this approach, the firm buys back the shares from the market itself but at the

Power and Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Power and Responsibility Essay In an altruistic sense, the burden of responsibility lies in the person making a decision for the a group of people as a whole and the consequences of such decisions or actions is solely limited to the person who made it. Even though a decision has been made in general to serve the people, the consequences still has to be faced. This does not change with an individualistic point of view wherein a profession that requires high standards in order to perform well needs a greater sense of responsibility for choice. A news writer or reporter who reports unverifiable or fallacious facts can easily retract statements in order to suit journalism rules. But when a doctor makes a mistake, people die. There is no difference with regards to the degree of responsibility a person since all professions must possess a deeper sense of responsibility. In the context of utilitarianism however, the concept is aimed for the welfare of persons as a whole in achieving a desired end. Applied in an individualistic view, responsibility lies with choice and a deeper understanding or personal morals and overall ethics. Utilitarian views are also consistent with consequentialism wherein an action may be considered morally right if it contributes more on a favorable consequence rather than a bad one. In this sense, moral values are then based on a good purpose or outcome. Thus the responsibility of an individual relies on the outcome itself and it may only be considered as morally correct when it serves the purpose of the greater good. Although journalism and health are professions that has corresponding moral and ethical systems, utilitarian views present a morally favorable principle wherein actions are guided by the responsibility of doing a good job not only to avoid moral and ethical problems but also in achieving a contribution to the overall utility or good and a drive in achieving excellence. References (n. d. ). Ethics (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Retrieved July 31, 2008, from http://www. iep. utm. edu/e/ethics. htm#SH2b.

Charles Lindbergh Biography :: Essays Papers

Charles Lindbergh Biography My biography is on Charles Augustus Lindbergh. He is most famous for his nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean. In the next paragraph I will be telling you about some of the things that he is famous for. His life is more interesting than most people think. If anything I would say that he is the most famous pilot in the world, or at least he should be. Charles was a pilot, inverter, and an environmentalist. He was born on February forth of nineteen o two in Detroit Michigan. His father was a Minnesota congressman. He studied mechanical engineering for two years at the university of Wisconsin and left in nineteen twenty-two to enroll in flight school. In nineteen twenty-three he bought a war surplus training plane and worked as a barnstormer and as a traveling stunt flier. In nineteen twenty-five he completed army flight training. After flight school he worked as an airmail pilot, only to become the chief pilot for the route between St. Louis to Chicago. In nineteen twenty-nine he married Anne Morrow. The daughter of the United States ambassador to Mexico, Dwight Morrow. Some of Charles Lindbergh's achievements are the following. His most famous achievement was in nineteen twenty-seven, when he made the worlds first nonstop, solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean. One of his other famous achievements was in nineteen twenty-seven when he made an unprecedented nonstop solo flight from Washington D.C. to Mexico City. He is also famous for being a great pilot. The main reason that I picked Charles Lindbergh to do my biography on is because I was goofing around on the biography web site and I typed in my birthday and apparently Charles Lindbergh has the same birthday as me. Another reason that I picked Charles Lindbergh is because I like airplanes and since Charles Lindbergh was the most famous pilot of all time, I decided, ah what the heck.

Shizz

Industrial Marketing Research PHASE 2 1) What are the strategy components of the NPD â€Å" New product Development† ch 7 * The expected life cycle of the product ( 2 years – 5 years ) before we develop it or 10 years. e. g. Peugot 504 Model 1968 was expected to stay in the market undeveloped for 5 years, it stayed for 17 years and there is still demand which affected the demand of other Peugot Models * How are you going to approach the market? * Why are people going to accept your product? Attributes of new products which affect their acceptability Relative advantage: the perception that the idea is better than the one it supercedes * Compatibility. Consistency with existing values, past experience, and needs of a firm’s buyers and influencers * Complexity: more complex ideas are adopted more slowly. * Trialability: if a firm can try out a small aspect for a new idea it will be accepted more quickly than a firm has to make a major switch * Observability: if the effects of an innovation can be easily observed this innovation maybe adopted more quickly. NPD Process Opportunity identification and selection: where new product opportunities are identified and selected. * Concept generation: research with customers and preliminary analysis take place. * Concept evaluation: careful review of new product concepts on technical, marketing and financial variables. Choose the most promising concepts to move forward to the next phase. * Development: both technical and marketing development takes place. Prototypes are designed and tested and the production pro * Launch: how are you going to launch this product and for which prospects? ) Description of services offered (Pure Services/ Pure tangible goods) as well as pricing strategies of services. Ch 8 Combinations of service and physical product * Pure tangible good: products no service * Tangible good with accompanying services: this is a tangible product with services added, highly technical products usually are more dependent upon services such as planning, installation, training, and maintenance. * Hybrid: equal offering of goods and services, so the service portion of the offering is equal importance to the tangible product offering * Major service with supporting goods and services.The most important part is the service but some goods and supporting services are required e,g, business travellers on air line they need food. * Pure service: the offering is primarily a service, such as consulting or advertising, very little tangible goods are required. * Phase 2 is an application of chapter 7 & 8 * Each member of the group should participate * A presentation is required next week in the tutorial * All members of the group should be present * You will be graded individually upon your presentation not how correct your research is * We will explain in the tutorial this week how this phase will be done.

Healthy Food Essay

Many ways to define healthy food. Firstly, healthy food consists of all the essential nutrients that your body needs like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, calcium, vitamins etc. Secondly, it is hygienic & doesn’t contain any germs that can harm your body. Thirdly, it should include all sorts of eatables like veggies, fruits, meat, dairy, sweets etc in right proportion. In a nutshell, healthy food keeps your body fit & at its top. Less junk and more home-made stuff. Health food is food considered to be beneficial to health in ways that go beyond a normal healthy diet required forhuman nutrition. Because there is no precise, authoritative definition from regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, different dietary practices can be considered healthy depending on context. Foods considered â€Å"healthy† may be natural foods, organic foods, whole foods, and sometimes vegetarian or dietary supplements. Such products are sold in health food stores or i n the health/organic sections of supermarkets. Healthy eating means eating a variety of foods that give you the nutrients you need to maintain your health, feel good, and have energy. These nutrients include protein, carbohydrates, fat, water, vitamins, and minerals. Nutrition is important for everyone. When combined with being physically active and maintaining a healthy weight, eating well is an excellent way to help your body stay strong and healthy. If you have a history of breast cancer or are currently undergoing treatment, eating well is especially important for you. What you eat can affect your immune system, your mood, and your energy level. No food or diet can prevent you from getting breast cancer. While researchers are still studying the effects ofeating unhealthy food on breast cancer and recurrence risk, we do know that being overweight is a risk factor for both first-time and recurrent breast cancer. In this section, you can learn how to eat in a way that keeps your body as healthy as it can be. Read on for information about food groups, nutrients, how to create a healthy eating plan, how to figure out portions, and how enjoy your food without overeating. In this section, you can read about: Understanding Food Groups How Your Body Gets Nutrients From Foods What Happens to Food in Your Body? Designing a Healthy Eating Plan Portion Size Enjoying Your Food

Write the Ideal Essay of the American Dream

Write the Ideal Essay of the American Dream Living The American Dream: Extraordinary Concepts That Can Assist All Learners Picking an extraordinary subject for the American dream article is a standout among the best techniques to utilize. However, you have to investigate it cautiously. Continue with this scholastic task by reflecting alternate points of view. Structure your American dream article in the wake of becoming familiar with the way of life, life, and social patterns of this strong nation. It ought to incorporate your solid proposition proclamation that presents key perspectives. Direct your inside and out research dependent on many fascinating measurements and thoughts identified with the American dream idea to inspire educators or teachers. Step by step instructions to compose the best American dream article Consider these imperative components when composing the American dream exposition: Sort out intriguing and reasonable American dream paper points to pick a decent one for your bit of composing; Use your productive expository aptitudes to outline a solid postulation proclamation; Write a different area with the meanings of imperative terms; Use pertinent statements to make your paper all the more engaging students; In a closing section, entirety up significant subtleties and repeat your proposal. How to make the American dream paper layout? Make the American dream article diagram by posting a subject sentence of each passage since its a basic method to guarantee that all areas will fill their particular needs. Dont hesitate to wipe out or join potential areas while plotting. That is because the primary draft may contain dreary thoughts or actualities that negatively affect the focal contention of your article about the American dream. If you have any issues with updating it, your framework offers an effective method to recognize the feeble and solid sides of your scholastic paper. How to compose the American dream article presentation An early on section gets ready learners for your significant contention. It should begin with a discourse of your picked American dream subject and offer to set to set them up for your theory explanation, which comes toward the finish of this area and states the focal contention or reason for the whole paper briefly and unmistakably. The presentation plans learners for your announcement. Content Sections Your task concerning the dream of America ought to contain the fundamental content with these essential components: Each passage needs a different theme sentence that presents its significant thought; Put enough proof, for example; master sites, insights, actualities, and other information to demonstrate it; A closing sentence should aggregate up all subtleties and incorporate smooth changes. The dream of America article end The American dream article end should both rehash your significant case and establish a link to a more extensive dialog. To do this, one should return to a postulation articulation and spotlight on completing your task by ignoring significant remarks, posing an additional report, or including a suggestion to take action rather than just repeating all focuses in the finish of your dream of America article. Why utilize a snare for American dream article? Contemplate the introductory sentence of your bit of composing as an appealing snare that catches students eye and enables you to roll them into the article. A snare for American dream exposition can be as provocative inquiries, intriguing statements, engaging accounts, little-known actualities, measurements, or whatever else. How to pick great American dream exposition themes? Many fascinating thoughts worry the American dream. However, its hard and befuddling to pick the best one. Search for something intriguing and a particular kind. Contemplate about the supplementary derelict of valuable recommendations. Normal subjects to expound on the dream of America Understanding the paper on the dream of America; Whether individuals need to pass judgment on how others accomplish their American dream; The Prodigious Gatsby dream of America article; A specific age of individuals who operated a great deal to ensure their dream of America materialize; Does the dream of America still live exposition today; Share your genuine belief regarding the dream of America; Is the American dream feasible exposition? Account and engaging themes for your American vision article Select an actual existence occasion or achievement that is a piece of the American vision; Explain to students how it resembles for foreigners to accomplish their American dream; Describe any individual youre acquainted with who made it work out as expected; Share your sentiment if the American dream’s merits seeking after. What are thoughts for school and secondary school understudies? Prejudices that demolished the American Dream; If its conceivable to resuscitate the first American Dream; The enhancement of the American Dream; True recipients of the American Dream; If the American vision is a false notion. In case youre attempting to expound on the American dream, use models underneath. If they arent sufficient to draft an ideal paper, get our expert help and request excellent custom composition administrations. Contract our accomplished creators to succeed. The understanding of the American dream paper The American vision has dependably been an imperative piece of the way of life and civilization in America. Regardless it stays applicable in present day times. The dream of America merits referencing that individuals cant quantify its roots on what they possess since they have to apply its standards to social issues and patterns. The initial segment is the fantasy of wealth. Its about the capacity to be loaded up with material merchandise. Numerous different nations begrudge a country or shoppers and makers because just a couple of them can coordinate the sheer scope of merchandise that America makes. Consider the fantasy of majority rule government and equivalent rights. This idea is about individuals capacity to purchase merchandise, paying little respect to their identity and where theyre from, and it connects back to their sacred rights. The fantasy of opportunity of decision is another critical part. It binds back to the constitution of the state that enables individuals to pick their very own ways of life, utilize distinctive merchandise, and discover the opportunity to become the people they want to become. Remember about the fantasy of curiosity. Its about the idea of a widening of the purchase decision, and it haggy affects the American culture today. Current abilities on interest continue changing after some time. Its a bit much for individuals to work in explicit regions to get along in their lives since they can make sure that theres dependably an interest to specialty aptitudes to furnish them with increased opportunities of the decision. The structure is huge for the American vision since it wouldnt have the capacity to drive forward without this authoritative record. These days, the American vision remains applicable. How individuals make it work out change, yet its essential standards continue as before, and the principle contrast is that youngsters pick advancement strategies to approach their interest. The American vision is an image of success. Does the American dream still exist paper today? A few people contend if the American dream remains realistic and alive. They all have one of a kind qualities and lives. This implies individuals have distinctive meanings of the American dream. One of the principal reasons why its flourishing is that there exist unlimited open doors that individuals get once a day. Numerous state-funded schools furnish their understudies with the devices and strategies they need to prosper, so its possibly up to them if to utilize them to accomplish life objectives or not. An additional fact that justifies America vision that individuals have several opportunities of job disposed to them. However, in the end, not everybody becomes a popular doctor or lawyer, though all of them can be prosperous and earn their livelihood. There are a lot of opportunities available in the world. There is a wide range of jobs to select from, like engineers, lab workers, technicians, electricians, apprentices, and construction laborers among others. There is no need of going to a training college. Several prosperous and successful individuals did not acquire a college degree, and this did not prevent them from ensuring their dream of America came true. What makes individuals have a feeling that the dream is not true today? A large number of individuals think in this manner at the end because of the influence the economy has on them. America is known to have a slower growth rate of the economy and weaker employment markets, and this is the reason most profits from interest rates are not disclosed to the public. National borrowing of the country is a bit high that is another factor that contributes, though it leads to increased taxes that enable the government to collect increased revenue. The basic undesirable influence of the national borrowing is intensifying inflation. Notably, it can result in a decreased living standard. Regardless of the undesirable patterns that have been mentioned above, desirable factors and concepts are attesting that the dream of America is still alive in the contemporary world. Several individuals relentlessly pursue it for diverse purposes. Some individuals want it for their happiness, whereas others opt to become wealthy or accomplish other goals of life.

3 Stoic Strategies For Becoming Happier

3 Stoic Strategies For Becoming Happier Stoicism was one of the most important philosophical schools in ancient Greece and Rome.   It has also been one of the most influential.   The writings of Stoic thinkers like Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius have been read and taken to be heart by scholars and statesman for two thousand years. In his short but extremely readable book A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy (Oxford University Press, 2009), William Irvine argues that Stoicism is a admirable and coherent philosophy of life.  Ã‚   He also claims that many of us would be happier if we became Stoics.   This is a remarkable claim.   How can the theory and practice of a philosophical school founded fifteen hundred years before the industrial revolution have anything relevant to say to us today, living in our constantly changing, technology dominated world? Irvine has many things to say in response to that question.   But the most interesting part of his answer is his account of specific strategies that the Stoics recommend we all use on a daily basis.   Three of these in particular are especially important: negative visualization; internalization of goals; and regular self-denial. Negative visualization Epictetus recommends that when parents kiss a child goodnight, they consider the possibility that the child might die during the night.   And when you say goodbye to a friend, say the Stoics, remind yourself that you perhaps you will never meet again. Along the same lines, you might imagine the home you live being destroyed by fire or by a tornado, the job you rely on being eliminated, or the beautiful car you have just bought being crushed by a runaway truck. Why entertain these unpleasant thought?   What good can come from this practice of what Irvine calls â€Å"negative visualization†?   Well, here are a few possible benefits of imagining the worst that can happen: Anticipating misfortunes can lead you to take preventative measures.   E.g. Imagining your family dying of carbon monoxide poisoning may prompt to you install a carbon monoxide detector.If you have already imagined how something awful might happen, if it does occur you will less shocked.   We are all familiar with this on a mundane level.   Many people, if they take an exam, imagine or even convince themselves that they have done badly so that if it turns out that this is the truth, they will be less disappointed.   Negative visualization, here and elsewhere, prepares us mentally and emotionally to deal with unpleasant experiences when they arrive–as they inevitably will.Contemplating the loss of something helps us to appreciate it more fully.   We are all familiar with the way we have a tendency to take things for granted.   When we first buy a new house, car, guitar, smart phone, shirt, or whatever, we think it’s wonderful.   But within a fairly short ti me the novelty wears off and we no longer find it exciting, or even interesting.   Psychologists call this â€Å"hedonic adaptation.† But imagining the loss of the thing in question is a way of refreshing our appreciation of it.   It’s a technique that help us to follow Epictetus’ advice and learn to want what we already have. Of these arguments for practicing negative visualization, the third is probably the most important and the most convincing.   And it goes well beyond such things as newly purchased technology. There is so much in life to be grateful for, yet we often find ourselves complaining that things aren’t perfect.   But anyone reading this article is probably living the sort of life that most people through history would have viewed as inconceivably pleasant.   Little need to worry about famine, plague, war, or brutal oppression.   Anesthetics; antibiotics; modern medicine; instant communication with anyone anywhere; the ability to get to just about anywhere   in the world in a few hours; a vast amount of great art, literature, music, and science available through the internet at the touch a of key.   The list of things to be grateful for is almost infinite.   Negative visualization reminds us that we are â€Å"living the dream.† Internalization of goals We live in a culture that puts tremendous value of worldly success.   So people strive to get into elite universities, to make lost of money, to create a successful business, to become famous, to achieve high status in their work, to win prizes, and so on.   The problem with all these goals, though, is that whether or not one succeeds depends in large part on factors outside one’s control. Suppose your goal is to win an Olympic medal.   You can commit yourself to this goal entirely, and if you have enough natural ability you may make yourself one of the best athletes in the world.   But whether or not you win a medal depends on many things, including who you are competing with.   If you happen to be competing against athletes who have certain natural advantages over you–e.g. physiques and physiologies better suited to your sport–then a medal may simply be beyond you.   The same goes for other goals, too.   If you want to become famous as a musician, it isn’t enough just to make great music.   Your music has to reach the ears of millions of people; and they have to like it.   These are not matters you can easily control. For this reason the Stoics advise us to carefully distinguish between things that lie within our control and things that lie beyond our control.   Their view is that we should focus entirely on the former.   Thus, we should concern ourselves with what we choose to strive for, with being the kind of person we want to be, and with living according to sound values.   These are all goals that depend entirely on us, not on how the world is or how it treats us. Thus, if I’m a musician, my goal shouldn’t be to have a number one hit, or to sell a million records, to play at Carnegie Hall or to perform at the Super Bowl.   Instead, my goal should just be to make the best music I can within my chosen genre.   Of course, if I try to do this I will increase my chances of public recognition and worldly success.   But if these don’t come my way, I won’t have failed, and I shouldn’t feel especially disappointed.   For I will still have achieved the goal I set myself. Practicing self-denial The Stoics argue that sometimes we should deliberately deprive ourselves of certain pleasures.   For example, if we usually have dessert after a meal, we might forego this once every few days; we might even once in a while substitute bread, cheese and water for our normal, more interesting dinners.   The Stoics even advocate subjecting oneself to voluntary discomfort.   One might, for instance, not eat for a day, underdress during cold weather, try sleeping on the floor, or take the occasional cold shower. What is the point of this kind of self-denial?   Why do such things?   The reasons are actually similar to the reasons for practicing negative visualization.   Self-denial toughens us up, so that if we have to deal with involuntary hardship or discomfort we will be able to do so.   There is really a very familiar idea.   It is why the army makes boot camp so hard.   The thinking is that if soldiers become accustomed to hardship on a regular basis, they will cope better with it when being able to do so really matters.   And this sort of thinking by military leaders goes back at least to ancient Sparta.   Indeed, the militaristic Spartans were so convinced that depriving men of luxuries made them better soldiers that this sort of denial came to be integral to their whole way of life.   Even today, the word â€Å"Spartan† means lacking luxuries.Self-denial helps us to appreciate the pleasures, comforts and conveniences that we enjoy all the time and are in danger of taking for granted.   Most of will probably agree with this–in theory!   But the problem with putting the theory into practice, of course, is that the experience of voluntary discomfort is––uncomfortable.   Still, perhaps some awareness of the value of self-denial is part of the reason why people choose to go camping, or backpacking. But are the Stoics right? The arguments for practicing these Stoic strategies sound very plausible.   But should they be believed?   Will negative visualization, internalizing goals, and practicing self-denial really help us to be happier?   The most likely answer is that it depends to some extent on the individual.   Negative visualization may help some people to appreciate more fully the things they presently enjoy.   But it could lead to others becoming increasingly anxious over the prospect of losing what they love.   Shakespeare, in Sonnet 64, after describing several examples of Time’s destructiveness, concludes: Time hath taught me thus to ruminateThat Time will come and take my love away.This thought is as a death, which cannot chooseBut weep to have that which it fears to lose. It seems that for the poet negative visualization is not a strategy for happiness; on the contrary, it causes anxiety and leads him to be even more attached to that which he will one day lose. The internalization of goals seems very reasonable on the face of it: do your best, and accept the fact that objective success depends on factors you can’t control.   Yet surely, the prospect of objective success–an Olympic medal; making   money; having a hit record; winning a prestigious prize–can be tremendously motivating.   Perhaps there are some people who care nothing for such external markers of success; but most of us do.   And it’s surely true that many wonderful human achievements have been fueled, at least in part, by the desire for them. Self-denial is not especially appealing to most people.   Yet there is som reason to suppose that it really does do us the sort of good that the Stoics claimed for it.   A well-known experiment done by Stanford psychologists in the 1970s involved having young children see how long they could hold off eating a marshmallow for the sake of getting an additional reward (such as a cookie in addition to the marshmallow).   The surprising upshot of the research was that those individuals who were best able to delay gratification did better in later life on a number of measures such as educational achievement and general health.   This seems to bear out will power is   like a muscle, and that exercising the muscle through self-denial builds self-control, a key ingredient of a happy life.

Trusts and Equity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trusts and Equity - Essay Example In both cases, Chambers writes equity assumptions that the owner was not intended to receive the benefit of the property and raises a resulting trust in favour of the provider of that property. In Re Vandervell's Trusts (No. 2), Megarry J. concluded that the resulting trust operated on different principles in each of these two situations. His lordship classified the resulting trust of an apparent gift as 'presumed' and the resulting trust on the failure of an express trust as 'automatic'. The presumed resulting trust was said to be based on the presumed intention of the provider of the property to create it and could be rebutted by evidence to the contrary. The automatic resulting trust arose independently of intention and was indisputable 2. Resulting trusts arise by operation of law settled on by equity. That means trust is dependant on the decisions of equity particularly in conditions where property has been transferred to another and the provider of that property did not intend to benefit the recipient, equity responds by imposing a resulting trust. The distinction between express and resulting trusts is that the former are created by an intention to create a trust, whereas the latter arise because of a lack of intention to benefit the recipient 3. Geldart writes, "Apart from Common Law and Statute Law, the most important department of our legal system is Equity" 4. That means the vitality of equity is apparent in English law system, that's why when the terms 'law' and 'equity' are used in legal sense, it does not concern about equity being an aspect of law and order, all it means is two different kinds of law the Common Law on the one side while the rules of Equity on the other. It is due to the rule that morally and legally binds to the decisions enforced by the courts. These two sets of rules imposed in the terms of 'law' and 'equity', must not be looked upon as two co-ordinate and independent systems. On the contrary, the rules of Equity are only a sort of supplement or appendix to the Common Law; they assume its existence but they add something further. In this way Equity is an addition to the Common Law. Further, the rules of Equity, though they did not contradict the rules of Common Law, in effect and in practice produce a result opposed to that which would have been produced if the Common Law rules had remained alone. A Common Law right was practically, though not theoretically, nullified by the existence of a countervailing equitable right 5. Though since the Judicature Act came into force in 1875 the rules of Common Law and Equity are recognised and administered in the same court, yet they still remain distinct bodies of law, governed largely by different principles. In order to ascertain the rights to which any given set of facts gives rise, we must always ask (i) what is the rule of Common Law (ii) What difference (if any) is made in the working of this rule by the existence of some rule of Equity applying to the case 6 Like the Common Law, the rules of Equity are judicial law, i.e. to find them we must look in the first instances to the decisions of the judges who have administered Equity. But some branches