The Sword in the Stone Literary Analysis free essay sample

Pulling the sword from the anvil on a stone would revolutionize his life forever. Curiosity can either be a good or a bad thing, depending on how far you go, the quote curiosity kills the cat was challenged by Wart thought the book. First the Wart had a desire to become a perch in the castles moat, so Merlyn the magician who is also Wart and Kay tutor transformed Wart in a perch. Moments later the wart curiosity became a reality, and he was being morphed in an undersized perch l think I should Ilke to be a perch, he said. They are braver than the silly roach and not quite s slaughterous as the pike are. said the Wart. As a fish the Wart learned how to swim and protect himself from predators. Secondly wart wanted to become a hawk, so once again Merlyn altered Warts body into that of hawks. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sword in the Stone: Literary Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wart spent the night in an enclosure with other hawks, going thru the initiation to become a member of the group. As soon as dawn broke Merlyn took back Wart and changed him back to himself. You know you will want to turn me Into a hawk when you want to, exclaimed the Wart. HIS curiosity got him a once In a life time opportunity to become n animal lots of people dream to be like. Thirdly Wart was transformed Into a snake by the magic of Merlyn. As a snake Wart learned about there anatomy, how they hibernate and there fear humans chasing them. Whether it was the voice of the snake, or the cold, or the influence of the story, in two minutes he was dreaming himself, in a reptilian drama. Wart always wants to find out how other animal other than humans live there lives. Hes fascinated greatly by how the animals act and behave In there environment and how they feel about humans. At only one point in the story did warts character ever show fear, when a giant was going to filet his and Merlyns bodies with a sword. The courage that wart has is astounding with the things hes been through during the novel. Initially, Warts fearlessness can be seen in the battle between the outlaws and the Anthropophagi. Even though the Anthropophagi where more powerful than the humans, Wart kept his confidence high and his wits about him. The passion of nocturnal secrecy was a wine that triumphed in his blood. He really was small and young enough to move as ecretly as the warriors. This quote suggests warts confidence in his skills and his mentality as an honorary outlaw. Subsequently, when Wart and Kay went hunting in the bushes, they stumbled upon a witchs house. The witch kidnapped the boys and held them In small enchanted cages. Wart stayed calm as he new he would find a way out. IT only I could get out, sala tne wart. l Know a maglclan wno would soon settle her hash, and re scue us all. Even though Wart couldnt escape he thought of a plan to get out and save the other prisoners, with the help of an eavesdropping goat e did. Finally, Just before Wart pulled the sword from the stone he did not become fearful when all the fgures appeared. As the fgures told wart to remember the lesson they taught him wart gained confidence in himself to be able to extract the sword from the stone. The Wart walked up to the great sword for the third time. He put out his right hand softly and drew it out as gently as from a scabbard. Warts faith and fearlessness is his greatest gift, he believed that he could be something more than a squire and later that dream became a reality. Do unto others as you would have them do to you. Wart goes beyond the normal persons acts of kindness. First of all, after the battle with the Anthropophagi wart brought Old Wat (a man thats nose got eaten off and went crazy) back to the castle. Not only did he supply the man with a temporary home but he also got Merlyn reconstruct his face. We have a tutor who is a pretty good magician and I thought he might be able to restore Wat to his wits. This shows you the kindness of warts character, caring about others when he was the one that needed care.

Writing What Ifs in an Essay Topics

Writing What Ifs in an Essay TopicsWriting what ifs in an essay topics are crucial when writing a paper. Writing what ifs can be very liberating and therapeutic when one is in the midst of a time of distress or trauma.If you are wondering what exactly I mean by writing what ifs in an essay, it's where you cover a large portion of your paper with speculations about possible future events that could occur. It's very powerful to write what ifs in an essay. Because they can be very morbid, they force you to think about what's going on and how things could play out, but they also allow you to think more creatively and logically about various possible futures.Some topics that you may want to consider for what ifs in an essay topics are: war, famine, natural disasters, or natural disasters. These can be any major catastrophe you can imagine, whether it's related to war, natural disaster, or some other major issue.What ifs in an essay topics also lend themselves to writing what ifs within th e context of the specific situation. For example, if you are writing a paper on what happened in the current war, you could ask yourself what if the war would have continued or if it would have ended differently, and then what if the answer to either of these questions is yes. What if there had been more diplomacy between the two nations?If you write what ifs in an essay topics, you'll be able to use all sorts of ideas from different fictional, computer, or historical scenarios to support your argument. They can also provide you with the opportunity to focus on the big picture and think more broadly about the life or career that you would like to pursue. Just think about how successful you could be if you worked for a media company or newspaper or a travel agency.You can also use what ifs in an essay topics to get past your fears and doubts about your future. Writing what ifs in an essay topics has the power to help you move past the negativity and worry that can often build up arou nd a person during this time of year. It's also helpful in helping you to really think about what your dreams are, as well as what direction you'd like to take your life.Because what ifs in an essay topics can really prompt you to think about the future, there is much more to them than just telling you what will happen. They are almost like trigger words that can throw you into the future. This is why it's important to think carefully about what you want to say, and when you want to say it.

Contributions of functionalist approaches Essay Example

Contributions of functionalist approaches Essay Introduction The 1980s saw the birth of a figure of attacks to Translation Studies ( TS henceforth ) jointly termed functionalist, which brought about a paradigm displacement in the system. This essay examines the strengths and failings every bit good as the parts of these functionalist attacks to the field of TS. Structurally, the essay starts with a brief historical overview of the attacks to interlingual rendition before the coming of functionalist attacks. Then it discusses the major functionalist attacks, foregrounding their major predications and the unfavorable judgments against them, which will so be followed by a general sum-up of the assorted parts of the assorted strands of functionalism. TRANSLATION STUDIES BEFORE FUNCTIONALISM Over the old ages, bookmans have approached the subject of Translation Studies from assorted angles mostly depending on the dominant doctrine of the clip and/or implicit in constructs of the nature of interlingual rendition and how the translated text will be used ( Schaeffner 2001: c5 ) . However, one quandary that has prevailed over the centuries is the determination on the best method of interpreting a text. This quandary of the best method of translating is an antique 1. Jerome ( 395/2004: 24 ) expresses this quandary therefore: It is hard, when following the lines of another, non to overshoot someplace and backbreaking, when something is good put in another linguistic communication, to continue this same beauty in interlingual rendition if I translate word by word, it sounds absurd ; it out of necessity I alter something in the order or enunciation, I will look to hold abandoned the undertaking of a transcriber. However, Jerome and so many other transcriber of his clip stop up non interpreting word by word. He quotes Cicero as detecting that in his interlingual rendition of Plato s Protagoras and Xenophone s Oeconomicus, that he kept their meanings but with their signifiers their figures, so to talk in words adapted to our parlance ( 395/2004: 23 ) . He adds that except for the instance of Sacred Scriptures, where the really order of the words is a enigma I render non word for word, but sense for sense ( 395/2004: 25 ) so as non to sound absurd in the mark linguistic communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Contributions of functionalist approaches specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Contributions of functionalist approaches specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Contributions of functionalist approaches specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These bookmans, including others like Nicolas Perrot DAblancourt ( 1640/2004 ) , Martin Luther ( 1530 ) and John Dryden ( 1680/2004 ) , may non be seen as interlingual renditions bookmans per Se since they all had their several careers and interlingual rendition was what they did in the passing. However, their positions and remarks formed the bedrock on which the field of interlingual rendition surveies was to be built. Linguistic-based attacks The statement over word by word or sense for sense interlingual rendition prevailed over the centuries up till the twentieth century when Jakobson ( 1959/2004 ) introduced the term equivalence in the literature and Nida ( 1964/2004 ) expands it by separating between formal and dynamic equality. While formal equality purposes at fiting the message in the receptor linguistic communication every bit closely as possible to the different elements in the beginning linguistic communication, including the signifier and content, dynamic equality aims at complete naturalness of look, and attempts to associate the receptor to manners of behavior relevant within the context of his ain civilization ( Nida 1964/2004: 156 ) . Harmonizing to Nida, the intents of the transcriber to a big extent determine whether the transcriber should take at formal equality or dynamic equality. One observes that these bookmans are concerned with the correspondence between the mark linguistic communication and the beginning linguistic communication and these attacks were therefore jointly called linguistic attacks to interlingual rendition. Harmonizing to Saldanha ( 2009: 148 ) , the term lingual attacks to interlingual rendition surveies is used to mention to theoretical theoretical accounts that represent interlingual rendition and/ or interpretation as a ( chiefly ) lingual procedure and are hence informed chiefly by lingual theory . Translation surveies was subsumed under applied linguistics and therefore studied with methods developed in linguistics ( Schaeffner 2001: 6 ) . Other bookmans that contributed to research in this country are Catford ( 1965 ) and House ( 1977/1981 ) . Translation was seen as a transportation of information from one linguistic communication to another, as an activity that affects merely the two linguistic communications involved. Thus bookma ns were concerned with ordering methods of interpreting from one linguistic communication to the other in order to reproduce in the mark linguistic communication a message that is tantamount to that of the beginning text. One such prescription was Vinay and Dabelnet s ( 1958/2994 ) seven methods or processs for interlingual rendition: adoption, loan translation, actual interlingual rendition, heterotaxy, transition, equality and version. The first three they call direct interlingual renditions as they involve permuting the beginning linguistic communication message component by component, while the last four they call oblique because they involve an upsetting of the syntactic order of the beginning linguistic communication. One major defect of lingual attacks is that they do non take awareness of the part of the context in which an look is used to the apprehension of the whole message or text. Schaeffner ( 2001: 8 9 ) observes that Surveies conducted within a linguistic-based attack to interlingual rendition concentrated on the systematic dealingss between units of the linguistic communication systems, but frequently abstracted from facets of their contextual usage. A chosen TL-form may good be right harmonizing to the regulations of the linguistic communication system, but this does non needfully intend that the text as a whole suitably fulfils its communicative map in the TL state of affairs and civilization. Working on the interlingual rendition of the Bible, Nida s differentiation between formal and dynamic equality introduced facets of sociolinguistics and civilization into interlingual rendition surveies. He says that any treatment of equality, whether formal or dynamic, must see types of relatedness determined by the lingual and cultural distance between the codifications used to convey the message ( 1964/2004: 157 ) . He declares that a natural interlingual rendition or dynamic equality involves two chief countries of version, viz. , grammar and vocabulary ( 2004: 163 ) . However, his theory has been criticised for being restricted in application and range as it appears to be meant chiefly for Bible interlingual renditions and to concentrate on merely lexical and syntactic correspondence. A few old ages subsequently, Koller ( 1979: 215f ) proposes five classification of the construct of equality viz. : textralinguistic facts/state of personal businesss ( denotive equality ) ; sign ifier of verbalization, including intensions, manner and ( connotative equality ) ; text norms and linguistic communication norms ( text-normative equality ) ; TL-text audience ( matter-of-fact equality ) ; and specific aesthetic, formal, characteristic characteristics of text ( formal-aesthetic equality ) ( quoted in Schaeffner 2001: 9 ) This excessively receives a batch of unfavorable judgments which seemingly inform its reappraisal by the writer over the old ages. Pym ( 1997: 1 ) observes that four editions of Koller s book Einfuhrung in dice Ubersetzungswissenschaft ( Introduction to Translation Studies/Science ) has been published as at 1995, with an article summarizing the chief points looking in English in Target. Indeed the construct of equality was ( and still is ) extremely controversial even to this twenty-four hours. Textlinguistic attacks In reaction to the evident instead restricted lingual range of these attacks, some bookmans so argue for a text-linguistic or matter-of-fact attack to interlingual rendition, whereby the whole text is seen as the unit of significance and interlingual rendition, as against the vocabulary and grammar which was the focal point of lingual attacks. Katharina Reiss s ( 1971/2004 ) text-typology is seminal in this regard, being about the first to present into TS a consideration of the communicative intent of interlingual rendition ( Munday 2008: 74 ) . Harmonizing to Reiss, the communicative map of a text in its beginning civilization determines its map in the mark civilization and how it will be translated. She classifies text-type into enlightening ( communicates content ) , expressive ( communicates artistically organised content ) and operative ( communicates content with a persuasive character ) ( Reiss 1971/2004: 171 ) . In her position, a text that is adjudged informative should be translated in such a manner that the same content in the beginning text is transferred into the mark text ; an expressive text should retain the artistic and originative characteristics of the beginning text in the mark text ; while an operative beginning text should inform a mark text with a similar or correspondent consequence on the mark audience. In state of affairss where a text exhibits characteristics of more than one text-type, the transcriber should concern themselves with highlighting the overruling text-type and back-grounding the remainder if the demand so arises. Reiss does a batch to emphasize the importance of text-variety or genre in interlingual rendition surveies. She observes that genre conventions are civilization specific and the transcriber should see the differentiations in genre conventions across civilization so as non to jeopardize the functional equality of the TL text by naively following SL conventions ( 1971/2004: 173 ) . Neubert ( 1985 ) and its sub sequence co-authored with Gregory Shreve ( 1992 ) have done a batch to underscore the importance of genre analysis in interlingual rendition surveies. In the foreword to Translation as Text, they observe the diminution in influence of linguistics in interlingual rendition surveies and the motion towards interdisciplinarity: Translation surveies has abandoned its resolved concern with purely lingual issues. It has been invigorated by new thoughts from other subjects. Translation scholars no longer waver to follow new thoughts from information scientific discipline, cognitive scientific discipline, and psychological science. ( Neubert and Shreve 1992: seven ) Scholars that favour this attack focus a batch on puting up paradigms of genres, or as Corbett ( 2009: 291 ) puts it, these bookmans focused on the descriptions of extremely predictable, ritual, transactional texts, many of which seem commonplace in nature like Swales ( 1990 ) on reissue petitions and Eggins ( 1994 ) on formulas. Therefore bookmans tried to place parallel texts across linguistic communications and civilizations by making a systematic comparing of genre examples in both the beginning civilization and the mark civilization ( Schaeffner 2001: 11 ) . Schaeffner besides notes elsewhere that [ g [ enre conventions are determined by civilization and, therefore, prone to changeless alteration ( 2000: 222 ) . This enables the transcriber to accommodate the text to the conventions of the receptor or mark civilization. Thus bookmans runing within a text-linguistic attack to translation believe that a interlingual rendition goes beyond linguistic communication to cultural con siderations. FUNCTIONALIST APPROACHES The 2nd half of the twentieth century witnessed some paradigm displacement in interlingual rendition surveies, particularly with the publication in German of Katharina Reiss and Hans Vermeer s Foundation for a General Theory of Translation and Justa Holz-Manttari s Translatorial Action: Theory and Method, both in 1984. These set the gait for what is subsequently known as functionalist attacks to interlingual rendition, approaches that see interlingual rendition as a communicative action carried out by an expert in intercultural communicating ( the transcriber ) , playing the function of a text manufacturer and aiming at some communicative intent ( Nord 2001: 151 ) . Functionalist attacks by and large believe that the map of a text in the mark civilization determines the method of interlingual rendition. They are said to hold developed in resistance to the equality paradigm of the linguistic-based attacks which see the beginning text as what determines the nature of the mark text. Us ing the communicating strategy of SOURCE-PATH-GOAL, they accentuate the importance of the mark text as the end of the translational procedure. One of the major advocates, Vermeer ( 1987: 29 ) declares that linguistics entirely is non effectual because interlingual rendition itself is non simply nor chiefly a lingual procedure, and that linguistics has non yet formulated the right inquiries to undertake our jobs ( cited in Nord 1997: 10 ) . Quite a good figure of interlingual rendition bookmans subscribe to functionalism like Vermeer ( 1978, 1989, 1996 ; Reiss and Vermeer 1984, 1991 ; Nord 1997, 2005 ; Holz-Manttari 1984, 1993 ; Honig 1997 ; Honig and Kussmaul 1982, 1996 ; among many others. Following are some of the major strands of functionalism. Skopostheorie The most popular among the functionalist attacks, skopos theory was developed in Germany by Hans Vermeer in 1978 in dissatisfaction with the linguistic-based attacks to interlingual rendition. He sees interlingual rendition as an action governed by a skopos from Grecian intending intent or purpose. This intent now determines how the interlingual rendition is done. Vermeer argues that the beginning text is produced for a state of affairs in the beginning civilization which may non be the same in the mark civilization. It so follows that the interlingual rendition should be produced to accommodate the intent for which it is needed in the mark civilization: the beginning text is oriented towards, and is in any instance edge to, the beginning civilization. The mark text is oriented towards the mark civilization, and it is this which finally defines its adequateness ( Vermeer 1989/2004: 229 ) . Reiss and Vermeer jointly published Translatorial Action: Theory and Method in 1984 to give wh at has been described as the general interlingual rendition theory, sufficiently general , and sufficiently complex, to cover a battalion of single instances ( Schaeffner 1998: 236 ) . They see a text as an offer of information and interlingual rendition as an offer of information bing in a peculiar linguistic communication and civilization to members of another civilization in their linguistic communication. They hold that the demands of the mark text receiving systems determine the specification of the skopos and the choice made from information offered in the beginning text ( Schaeffner 1998: 236 ) . Thus interlingual rendition goes beyond lingual considerations to besides embrace cultural issues. The inquiry so arises: Who determines the skopos? Harmonizing to Vermeer ( 1989/2004: 236 ) , the skopos is defined by the committee and if necessary adjusted by the transcriber . Nord ( 1997:30 ) adds that the skopos is embedded in the interlingual rendition brief, which means that the individual originating the interlingual rendition constantly decides what the skopos is. She agrees with Vermeer that the skopos is frequently negotiated between the client and the transcriber. The skopos of a text in the beginning civilization might be the same as the skopos of the interlingual rendition in the mark civilization, but that is merely one of the different intents for which a text might be needed in a different civilization as the intent in the mark civilization might be different. Reiss and Vermeer ( 1984 ) name the state of affairs where the beginning text map is the same as the mark text map functional stability, while for the other state of affairs where both texts have different maps they say the text has undergone a alteration of map. Vermeer besides gives two farther regulations: coherency regulation and fidelity regulation. Coherence regulation stipulates that the mark text must be sufficiently consistent for the mark audience to understand given their assumed background cognition and situational fortunes while the fidelity regulation focuses on the intertextual relationship between the beginning text and the mark text ( Schaeffner 1998: 236 ) . The nature of this intertextual coherency between the beginning text and mark is nevertheless determined by the skopos. The theory of translatorial action This theory, proposed by Holz-Manttari, draws a batch from action theory and communicating theory. An action is by and large seen as making something deliberately, and communicating fundamentally means reassigning information from one entity to another. Holz-Mantarri s theory so sees interlingual rendition as reassigning information embedded in one civilization to receiving systems in another civilization, and the transcriber is the expert saddled with the duty of this information transportation. Using constructs from communicating theory, Holz-Mantarri identifies the participants in the translatorial procedure: the instigator, the individual in demand of the interlingual rendition ; the commissioner, the individual that contacts the transcriber ; the beginning text manufacturer or writer ; the mark text manufacturer, the transcriber or interlingual rendition bureau ; the mark text user, instructors for illustration ; and the mark text receiver, for illustration pupils in a mark user s category. She does a batch to underscore the function played by these participants in the translational procedure. The demand for a interlingual rendition arises in state of affairss where there is information in a peculiar civilization that members of another civilization do non hold entree to as a consequence of the cultural differences among the communities, or as Nord ( 1997: 17 ) puts it, state of affairss where differences in verbal and non-verbal behavior, outlooks, cognition and positions are such that there is non adequate common land for the transmitter and receiving system to pass on efficaciously by themselves. Translation so is a procedure of intercultural communicating aimed at bring forthing a text capable of working suitably in specific state of affairss and contexts of usage ( Schaeffner 1998: 3 ) . And since the focal point is on bring forthing functionally equal texts, the mark text should so conform to the genre conventions of the mark civilization. This makes the transcriber the expert in translatorial action, who determines what is suited for the translatorial text operation and ensures the information is transmitted satisfactorily. One interesting facet of this theory is the debut of new nomenclatures into the literature. For illustration, alternatively of text, Holz-Mantarri prefers Botschaftstrager, message bearer, a construct that broadens the traditional construct of text to include non-verbal facets of communicating thereby doing justness to the complexness of communicative procedures ( Martin de Leon 2008: 7 ) . Other alterations include Botschaftstragerproduktion for text production and translatorisches Handeln for translate or interlingual rendition. The rule of the necessary grade of preciseness This rule was developed by Honig and Kusmaul to supply a more elaborate history of interlingual rendition relevant decision-making procedures as against the framework theory of interlingual rendition ( Honig 1997: 10 ) . One of the results of functionalist attacks is that the transcriber can give more information in the interlingual rendition if the skopos requires that. An case is doing clear in a mark text what is non so clear in the beginning text. However, it is non clear to what extent the transcriber can exert this autonomy. To this terminal, the rule stipulates that what is necessary depends on the map of the interlingual rendition ( Honig 1997: 10 ) . Honig illustrates this in this instead long quotation mark: the term public school implies such a big sum of culture-specific cognition that it is impossible to render its intending completely in a interlingual rendition. Within a functionalist attack, nevertheless, the map of a word in its specific context determines to what degree the cultural significance should be made explicit. In a sentence such as ( my accent ) : ( 2a ) In Parliament he fought for equality, but he sent his boy to Eton. the interlingual rendition will hold to be different from interpreting the indistinguishable term Eton in the sentence: ( 3a ) When his male parent died his female parent could non afford to direct him to Eton any more. The undermentioned interlingual renditions would be sufficiently detailed: ( 2b ) Im Parlament kampfte er fur Chancengleichheit, aber seinen eigenen Sohn schickte Er auf eine der englischen Eliteschulen. ( one of the English elite schools ) ( 3b ) Als sein Vater starb, konnte seine Mutter Es sich nicht mehr leisten, ihn auf eine der teuren Privatschulen zu schicken ( one of the expensive private schools ) . Of class, there is more factual cognition implied in the footings Eton or public school than expressed in the interlingual rendition, but the interlingual rendition references everything that is of import within the context of the sentence, in other words, the interlingual rendition is semantically precise plenty. ( 1997: 11 ) Here the transcriber does non take at an exact or perfect mark text, but a text that is sufficiently good plenty for the state of affairs. The transcriber provides every bit much ( or less ) information as the readers need as determined by the skopos. Christiane Nord Christiane Nord is one of the major advocates of functionalism. She agrees with Vermeer that the state of affairs under which a mark text is produced is different from that of the beginning text in footings of clip, topographic point ( except for coincident interpretation ) , and sometimes medium. Thus the significance of a text is found beyond the lingual codification, in the extratextual state of affairs. In fact, she even stresses that intending reading depends a batch on the personal experience of the text user: A text is made meaningful by its receiving system for its receiving system. Different receiving systems ( or even the same receiving system at different times ) find different significances in the same lingual stuff offered by the text. We might even state that a text is every bit many texts as there are receiving systems of it. ( 2001: 152 ) Nord nevertheless has some reserves for the unrestricted freedom Reiss and Vermeer, and Holz-Manttari have given the transcriber to bring forth a mark text of whatever signifier so long as it conforms to the skopos as directed by the client. To look into this, she introduces the construct of trueness which she defines as the duty transcribers have towards their spouses: transcribers, in their function as go-betweens between two civilizations, have a particular duty with respect to their spouses, i.e. the beginning text writer, the client or commissioner of the interlingual rendition, and the mark text receiving systems, and towards themselves, exactly in those instances where there are differing positions as to what a good interlingual rendition is or should be. ( Nord 2006: 33 ) . Nord therefore contends that the skopos is non the lone finding factor in interlingual rendition, that trueness is necessary. Loyalty commits the transcriber bilaterally to the beginning text and mark text state of affairss: non to distort the beginning text writer s purposes ( Nord 2005:32 ) and carry throughing the outlooks of the mark audience or explicating in a footer or precede how they arrived at a peculiar significance. Loyalty is different from fidelity or equality in that the latter refer to the lingual or stylistic similarity between the beginning and the mark texts, irrespective of the communicative purposes involved while the former refers to an interpersonal relationship between the transcriber and their spouses ( 2001: 185 ) . Christiane Nord besides elaborates on the possible scope of maps a mark text may hold, different from that or those of the beginning text. She first distinguishes between documental interlingual rendition and instrumental interlingual rendition. Documentary interlingual rendition is such that aims at bring forthing in the mark linguistic communication a sort of papers of ( certain facets of ) a communicative interaction in which a source-culture transmitter communicates with a source-culture audience via the beginning text under source-culture conditions ( 1997: 138 ) ; instrumental interlingual rendition, on the other manus, purposes at bring forthing in the mark linguistic communication an instrument for a new communicative interaction between the source-culture transmitter and the target-culture audience. A documental interlingual rendition normally consequences in a mark text with a meta-textual map or secondary degree map harmonizing to House ( 1977 ) . An instrumental interli ngual rendition may hold the same scope of maps as the beginning text, whereby it is said to be equifunctional ; but if there are differences in the maps of both texts, the instance is said to be heterofunctional. Nord besides talks about homologous interlingual rendition, besides called creative heterotaxy ( Bassnet 2002: 24 ) , where the mark text represent the same grade of originality as the original in relation to the several culture-specific principal of texts. One other seminal input of Nord s into functionalism is her call for an luxuriant analysis of the beginning text before interlingual rendition proper. Unlike Vermeer and Holz-Manttari who about make the beginning text so unseeable, Nord instead gives some attending to it since it is the supplier of the offer of information that forms the footing for the offer of information formulated in the mark text. She argues that the pre-translation analysis of the beginning text helps in make up ones minding on whether the interlingual rendition undertaking is executable in the first topographic point, which beginning text units are relevant to a functional interlingual rendition, and which scheme will outdo bring forth a mark text that meets the demands of the brief ( Nord 1997: 62 ) . Nord goes farther to place and categorize the sort of jobs a transcriber might meet matter-of-fact, convention-related, interlingual and text-specific and besides stairss to follow in the translational procedu re. Schaeffner ( 2001 ) has done a critical reappraisal of Nord s predications ( and so other functionalist attacks ) and their pertinence in practical interlingual rendition. CONTROVERSIES SURROUNDING FUNCTIONALIST APPROACHES TO TRANSLATION Expectedly, functionalist attacks have received a batch of unfavorable judgment, particularly from bookmans of the linguistic-based attacks, one of which is the definition of interlingual rendition. Critics of skopos theory argue that non all mark texts based on a beginning text can be called interlingual renditions, that skopos theory makes no differentiation between a existent interlingual rendition and version or what Koller ( 1995 ) calls nontranslation. They argue that the supposed deposition of the beginning text and concentrate on the mark text ( Newmark 1991 ; Schreitmuller 1994 ) subverts the intrinsic significance of the interlingual rendition. Pym ( 1997 ) argues in this visible radiation and supports Koller ( 1995 ) in continuing equality and naming on functionalists to separate between interlingual rendition and nontranslation. However, functionalists view interlingual rendition from a broader position, as any translational action where a beginning text is transferred in to a mark civilization and linguistic communication Nord 1997: 141 ) . They see the linguistic-based definition as being restrictive and in demand of enlargement. Linked to this is the supposed deposition of the beginning text and accent on the skopos as the finding factor of how the interlingual rendition is done. It is so argued that functionalism gives transcribers the freedom to bring forth any sort of mark text and name it a interlingual rendition. Pym ( 1991 ) , for case, accuses functionalists of bring forthing mercenary experts able to contend under the flag of any purpose able to pay them ( 1991: 2 ) . Nord responds to this by presenting the construct of trueness, which restricts the autonomy of the transcriber as they are now expected to be loyal to the beginning text writer every bit good as other spouses in the translational procedure. She besides insists on an luxuriant beginning text analysis before interlingual rendition for a better apprehension of both the beginning text and beginning civilization which will so breed some high degree coherency between the beginning text and the mark text. One other contention environing functionalism is the myriad of nomenclatures introduced and used otherwise, particularly those by Holz-Manttarri. Indeed many of these unfavorable judgments still go on to this twenty-four hours. However, despite the assorted contentions environing the development and push of functionalist attacks, their parts to the survey of interlingual rendition are singular. CONTRIBUTIONS OF FUNCTIONALIST APPROACHES TO TRANSALTION STUDIES One major part of this attack is that, harmonizing to Nord ( 1997: 29 ) , it addresses the eternal quandary of free V faithful interlingual renditions, dynamic V formal equality, good translators vs slavish transcribers, and so on . Thus a interlingual rendition may be free of faithful or anything between these two extremes depending on its skopos or the intent for which it is needed. The transcriber no longer has to ever travel back to the beginning text to work out translational jobs, instead they base their interlingual rendition on the map of the text in the mark civilization. Functionalist attacks liberate interlingual rendition from theories that impose lingual regulations upon every determination ( Pym 2010: 56 ) . They recognise that the interlingual rendition procedure involves more than linguistic communications involved and requires the consideration of these extra-textual and extra-linguistic factors for its realization. Therefore they introduce the cultural dimension to interlingual rendition surveies and interrupt the unneeded resort to the authority of the beginning text. While linguistics-based attacks may be said to be retrospective in that they look back at the beginning text as the theoretical account for the mark text, functionalist attacks are seen as prospective in that they look frontward to the map of the text in the mark civilization as the major finding factor for how the interlingual rendition will be done. A retrospective interlingual rendition operates a bottom-up procedure, works from beginning linguistic communication elements a nd transportations the text sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase. But a prospective interlingual rendition operates a top-down procedure, get downing on the matter-of-fact degree by make up ones minding on the intended map of the interlingual rendition and inquiring for specific text-typological conventions, and for addressees background cognition and their communicative demands ( Ouyang 2009: 104 ) . Functionalist attacks are flexible and general plenty to account for a broad scope of translational state of affairss. Talking about the theory of skopos theory for illustration, Schaeffner ( 2001: 15 ) observes that [ T ] his theory is presented as being sufficiently general to cover a battalion of single instances, i.e. to be independent of single linguistic communications, civilizations, capable spheres, text types and genres . Interestingly, the consideration of extra-textual factors in the translational procedure accentuates the multidisciplinary nature of interlingual rendition surveies. The debut of text-typology and considerations of genre-conventions introduces elements of pragmatics, text-ling

Why SAT SuperScoring means you should retake the SAT.

Why SAT SuperScoring means you should retake the SAT. SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In this article, PrepScholar cofounder and statistics expert Dr. Fred Zhang explains why the SAT superscoring means you can get huge points by retaking the SAT. Many of you know that colleges often take the best SAT score in each section, but do you know how much you can gain by just a re-take? Do you know how to do your retake to max your score? Many students know about the Superscore concept in the SAT: the fact that many colleges only look at the best score in each section in admissions.For example, suppose you take the SAT twice with the following outcomes: Test Date Math Score Reading Score Writing Score Total March 620 600 760 1980 October 740 720 610 2070 SuperScore 740 720 760 2220 Even though you only increased your session SAT score from a 1980 to a 2070, and improvement of 90 points, your SuperScore increased by 240 points. I will tell you why this is incredibly important to your test taking strategy! More Times Matters Because you are getting the maximum of your SAT score over multiple sessions, then it is clear that the more often you take it, the higher your maximum score will be. Imagine if you were running a 100-meter dash, but only your best time mattered doesn't it make sense to run it more than once. Variation Matters When you retake the test, besides trying to do well, you also want to try to increase the randomness of your score what statisticians callvariance. The more varied your score is, the more likely your superscore is higher. This is actually quite subtle, so I'll repeat it again. Even if your score stays the same, you want to increase variation. For example, suppose your last SAT Math score was 600, which one of the below strategies would you take: A) A strategy that gives you a 50% chance of getting a 590 and a 50% chance of 610. B) A strategy that gives you a 50% chance of a 500 and a 50% chance of a 700. Take a moment to think about this. Done? If you chose B, you're correct! With the superscore, you care about only the upside, not the downside. The 50% chance of a 700 means much more than the 50% chance of a 610. How much can you gain? College Board has released thorough data about student score improvements between different tests. The key data: College Board shows that re-taking the test results in a variation of about 50.86 points in each section that's a huge amount of natural variation! It also means that riding off of this variation alone, I used Monte-Carlo simulation to prove that if you go from taking the SAT once to taking it twice, your superscore will go up in expectancy by 78 points! Supercharge the Superscore Okay, so that's awesome, but can you improve on that more? Yes! PrepScholar's training includes SAT test taking strategy as an important component of the prep process. Using our strategies, we'll show you how to increase the variation so your expected point increase is even higher, up to 100 points plus! And this is based on pure variation we also train you so your raw expected score goes up as well. With the two components combined, you can achieve hundreds of points of improvement. But the base story still holds: variation means you should take the SAT multiple times if you have the chance, and you should increase your test variation.

Paradoxically, although modernity appeared to be a threat to Essay - 1

Paradoxically, although modernity appeared to be a threat to Christianity, it had been nurtured, in significant part, by Christ - Essay Example Thus, the role Christianity has played towards the realisation of modernity is a matter that has been subject to debate, with some scholars arguing in favour of the rationale that Christianity spurred modernity onwards, while others gainsay the very idea, as shall be seen in the debate that ensues forthwith. Thesis Statement Contrary to what is being peddled against Christianity as a force antithetical towards modernity and having an inimical relationship with modernity, Christianity is poignantly the very harbinger of modernity, even to a global extent. According to Taylor (1989, 132), fundamentally, one of the tenets of Christianity is the belief in, and emphasis of man being made in the image and likeness of God [Genesis 1:26]. As such, since God is self-determinate and absolutely sovereign, man is also a free moral agent. By this, it is meant that man has the capacity to exercise freedom of choice and thereby deciding his destiny on earth and eternal destiny. The same also does not only mean, being self-determinate, but also being rational. Isaiah 1:18, I Pet 3:15, I Thessalonians 5:21 and Luke 9: 62 are some of the portions that call people to reason. This is because, making decisions entails being rational. The relationship between the doctrine of man being a free moral agent and modernity is seen in the fact that the Renaissance Age played, and continues to play an inextricable role in modernisation. In the same respect, Renaissance Age could not have come about in the absence of free or independent thinking. It is not in dou bt that the realisation of the Law of Gravity by Isaac Newton was a culmination of laborious thinking about an apple's fall from a tree. Not only did Isaac Newton [a Christian with great interest in natural philosophy and mathematics, Christian theology, economics, astronomy, alchemy and physics] discover the Law of Gravity, but he also wrote the Philosophie Naturalis Principia Mathematica which laid the foundations for classical mechanics. For instance, the laws of universal gravitation and the law of motion are derived from Isaac Newton's work, Philosophie Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Industrial and physical infrastructure and the development of modern means of transport [such as air transport] rely on the laws of motion and gravity. It is also important to note that Christianity, being a highly philosophical and introspective religion, set the pace for philosophy. For this reason, going through St. Paul's treatise on his Letter to the Romans is highly philosophical, as he exp lains fundamental concepts such as the fall of mankind, the purpose of the law [that was handed to Moses] and its inability to bestow right standing with God, justification by faith, and the inability of the law to help win over the war with the carnal nature of man (Lindberg, 2000, 83). Furthermore, Angold (2006, 11) points out that the highly philosophical aspect of Christianity is underscored by the philosophical controversies which succeeded the Edict of Toleration and the Edict of Milan in 311 and 313 AD, respectively, and thereby ending the Persecution of the Church. Immediately after the acceptance of Christianity as a legitimate religion, the Church had to contend with highly complex philosophical problems and concepts, as it dealt with doctrinal controversies such as Arianism [in the Nicean Council, 325 AD], Apollonarianism [the Council of Constantinople, 381], Nestorianism [the Council of Ephesus, 431], monophysitism [the Council of Chalcedon, 451] and Nestorianism [the Se cond Council of Consta

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) use in health care Essay

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) use in health care - Essay Example ealth care, its advantages and disadvantages, how its use will promote health and safety, the economic factors associated with its use, and how its use will influence my practice as a registered nurse. In an article by Sausser (2002), he enumerates various advantages of PDA use in health care. PDA use is advantageous because it gives health care professionals a chance to keep track of all pertinent information regarding their patients. Data may include contact information, history, treatment, laboratory results, and such other data normally contained in a patient’s chart. The portable nature of the PDA allows speedy and convenient access to patient information. The PDA also allows healthcare professionals the chance to research information using reference materials they can access online or from information database installed in their PDAs. Medical calculations can also be done via PDAs. PDA use will help ensure accuracy of measurements in diagnosis, assessment, and prescription of medications. Prescription writing through PDAs will also give physicians a chance to check and be reminded of adverse drug reactions that may be expected from the medications they are prescribing to patients. The disadvantages of using PDAs in health care mostly revolve around the fact that through wireless technology, â€Å"the risks for breach of patient confidentiality are increased†¦as compared to networked desktop computers† (McWay, 2003). Too much and too easy information access can cause confidential patient information to be made available to unauthorized people. Sausser (2002) also points out that PDAs may break or lose data, may have compatibility problems, can lockout a user, and like all technology, can eventually become outdated. The need to update the technology will eventually demand more expenditure on the product. PDAs will help promote health and safety by providing regular updates about a patient’s condition. â€Å"They have the potential to enhance a

A Definition Of Online Ordering Systems Information Technology Essay

A Definition Of Online Ordering Systems Information Technology Essay Online food ordering services are websites of local restaurants and food cooperatives set up for customers to select from the interactive menus provided so as the ordering process can take place. In order for ordering to take place, any sorts of internet capable devices which support complex web pages are used. People normally use computers to access into the food websites and place an order. Similar to ordering consumer goods online, online food ordering services also allow consumer to register and uphold an account at the Dominos Pizza website in order to make frequent ordering convenient. A consumer will look for favourite restaurant, browse from available items, and select delivery or pick-up. Payments could be made via credit card or cash. Partial of the payment will be given to the online food company. The pioneer restaurants to adopt online food ordering services are corporate franchises such as Dominos Pizza and Pizza Hut. Procedure Firstly, the customer needs to go the Dominos official website, www.dominos.com.my. The registration as a Dominos member is necessary if the customer order pizza via online for the first time. First step of the register process is entering the street name to locate the customer delivery address accurately for the delivery. After registered, click on the Order Now button. A log in box will pop up on the screen asking for the customer username and the password. After login the customer is able to start to order on desired food or drinks. Once finished ordering, click on submit. An e-mail for verification will be sent to the customer. Once verified, the delivery will send to the customers location within 30 minutes. After purchasing the pizza, customer can keep track of their pizza by GPS Tracker offered by Dominos Pizza. Payment is made subsequent to the customer when the Dominos employee delivers the pizza to the customer. Function: Ordering food online is becoming a norm for restaurants which offer takeout and delivery orders. Online food ordering is designed as it is cost effective yet an efficient system to satisfy the restaurants needs. The system is also designed for its ultimate flexibility and performance. The customers will be able to access into the company existing website and browse at their menu and select and place their orders on what they desire. Once the customer has confirmed their order, the system will either email or fax the customers order to the restaurant. The online ordering system also enables customers to order days in advance and the system will accomplish the order at the specified time. The online ordering system has been constructed to handle large amounts of orders simultaneously to prevent the system overload. This system is also flexible in a way, whereby customers are able to place online orders quickly, with just a click comparing to the tradition where orders were taken through the phone. More time and cost will be saved ordering online as phone bill is charged according to the time the phone is on the line. The system was used intended to meet the requirements of all of the clients. Internet database Online ordering is easy and convenient yet they have more to improve on their online ordering system. It is good that online ordering system has linked the customers information with the database of the system which facilitates the ordering of customers. In addition, customers information could be tracked easily from their database rapidly if they are regular customers. Advantages With the escort in of the 21st century, several of individuals have found out that it is basically easier to purchase goods online. This depends on the consumers preferences. Some people feel unsecure buying items online because they cannot have physical touch or sight with the items they wish to buy. In this case, some people prefer to have the pizza straight from the oven when it is served. Online ordering provides additional customer service such as delivery to the destination that they have requested for. Customers can view the entire menu and all special offers via official website though online. The system records customers orders when purchasing has taken place. Extra services are provided to customers for example like estimated delivery carryout times and track their pizzas position using the GPS Tracker accessible on the website. When ordering via online, even throughout a busy period such as lunch or dinner time, customers would not have a problem in contacting Dominos Pizza and placing their orders. The customers just need to order via online and the system will automatically generate and put it on queue. Online ordering records and stores past records of orders made and allows the customers to view them anytime during their online ordering session. These records will store at the database. The biggest advantage to order pizza online is that the customer can save a lot of time and effort. Customers can decide to complete their orders within seconds or take their time the customer wishes. There are no time limits for them to complete their orders, thus, customers can take their time to order. Instead of planning out time in daily schedule to go out and make a purchase, the consumer can instead go to the website when they have a free time at work or at home late at night, and look up the product that the customers are considering to purchase. The customers can view the full menu and can order any combination of food while the prices are displayed and calculated as they go. It is much easier for a customer who is wished to make large and complex orders online because the customer can order in patiently, consider the options, and calculate different pricing schemes. Consequently, a customer can take a look at products late at night. Even though the Dominos Pizza stores have closed for the night, customers can place orders for the next day while the website still running and available to make pre-order. This means that even after a long day at work and going back home to meal with family, the customer still have time left to go online and look for the product they want to purchase. The Internet is there is open 24 hours 7 days, and is always willing to let the customer to come make pre-order. By going online, the customer do not have to worry about the hassles, such as when they decide that it is time to check out, they do not have to waste the extra time queuing in line. By ordering online, the customer can also take advantage of deals that are only offered to online customers, and often find products that wouldnt be available at a walk in store and special offers are given to online customers. Customers who order pizza online are proven to order more because they dont feel hasty while ordering, as the customer often does over the phone when using phone order. In addition, online ordering increases the amount of customers who visit the Dominos Pizza official website. It also gains customer satisfaction and loyalty throughout the company. Due to its convenience of online purchasing service, customer purchase frequency also may increase. The company eliminated or reduced labour costs associated with manual order taking due to technology computerize replaced labour usage. For the Domino Pizza Company, the online ordering system accepts both online and traditional coupons to attract more customers. Mackay (2008) claimed that Customers who order on the web tends to order more because they have a menu in front of them. With internet, there will be fewer errors on the orders or miscommunication among customers and the employee who taking orders. Compare to phone call ordering, online ordering pizza make fewer mistakes. When during the phone call order, the customer may order wrong item without realizing it. The pronunciation of certain words might lead to order the wrong product. Besides, it provides timely service. The system examines all food orders prior to the completion and corrects human errors. Also, with this system, the registration of online guests is utilized to create valuable marketing campaigns. Online Ordering provides the wonderful solution for office lunch orders. The customers can orders without the hassle of using phone call to order the pizza. The customer can take their time and get the pizza in time. The Dominos Pizza website guarantees that the message, promotions and add-on offers are well delivered to the customers. In financial factor, online ordering system increase the efficiency and cost effectiveness of the ordering operations. For the advertisement, it can create easily or upload promotions to the Dominos Pizza website. For instance, this system can increase the customers guest check automatically by customer email by suggesting upcoming sells for additional products. Online ordering increases in sales of goods in the Domino Pizza Company. Disadvantages The trend of shopping online, especially ordering pizza online has gradually been significant in the last decade and online sellers are expected to have improvements on the volume of sales after website features and services altered. There is no doubt that the customers can find great deals online and so many different products which may not be even available in regular stores. By the way, there are certain disadvantages of online ordering. Normally when we shop from a regular store, we can go directly to a salesperson face-to-face to enquire and clarify our doubts regarding the food we ordering. It is possible that customers would have a wrong idea of what the products and services is about as the customers and the employee cannot deal face-to-face for a clear explanation. Another disadvantage is that a lot of companies which sells online state that customer have to pay for the shipping and delivery charges depending on the weight of the product the customer orders. Only a few companies with websites offer free shipping services while some companies provides free shipping services only if the customer has a total purchase of prices exceeding a certain amount. The shipment fee charged often is one of the reasons that customers would not like to order goods online and does not guarantee that the goods delivered will be in good shape. However, a company must consider on the target market they would like to focus on promoting their products and services to. The elderly are most unlikely to order goods online due to their knowledge of operating a computer. Therefore, if the target market includes the elderly, a traditional service has to be provided to them. Online connectivity issues are the greatest disadvantage for online ordering. The customers add items in online shopping cart, enter information and press submit. The confirmation screen might time out when the internet has an unstable connection. The online customers would not know whether the order has been made or not while reloading the page may cause several billing or several orders. Moreover, customers may also make human errors, such as ordering the incorrect item. This can occur when the customer attempts to place an order. The customer may have accidentally clicked on the wrong item while placing their orders through the website. Even if the consumer clicks on the correct product and provides an accurate product number there may still be mistake made in the ordering process if there are options associated with the item. This problem can be rather disturbing because the consumer will get agitated when the incorrect item is received and therefore, loses customers loyalty towards the company. Another disadvantage is that purchasing online would mean that personal information has to be given to the company when purchasing is taken place. Some companies take advantage of this feature. By purchasing on the Internet, the customer would have to take the risk of having their information taken by online companies and misused. Though this is a very rare occurrence, it is more likely to happen online, than in person. To avoid personal information from being exposed, customers would usually look for a trustable company to purchase goods from. More often, what people dislike about online purchasing is that delivery services are only restricted to certain areas. As a result, people living in rural areas are at a disadvantage whereby they will need to go to the destination whereby the company is able to deliver. Impact of the Technology Dominos Pizza is the first pizza delivery company that launch online ordering system and one of the most recognizable pizza brands in Malaysia. Online ordering has been great in this era of time, where communication taking place thru the internet. The company stated the pizza that order via online in Malaysia take up about 8 to 10 percent of the overall sales. On average, Dominos sells over one million pizza daily across the global. The technology helps the Dominos Pizza gain great revenue over other competitors like Pizza Hut which offer online delivery service as well, McDonald and Nandos which order by phone call. Technology has hastily taken over many jobs whereas technology also creates new jobs towards the organizations. Due to the implementation of the online ordering system for the Dominos Pizza, the company might require some web developer to maintain the website and the database. The organisations leadership and managers need to be change and they recognise the need to adapt and change in response to their vision, aim, shareholder expectations and consumer tastes for example the Dominos Pizza need to set new regulation and IT code of conduct to manage the Dominos Pizza website. Internet Application Similarities Dominos Pizza makes use of E-commerce, meaning transactions over the internet, ordering food online can be an example, pizza- a customers favorite, and additional menu items includes chicken finger`s, fresh salads and sandwiches. At the end we all enjoy all the benefits that the internet serves to the Dominos Pizza. The Domino`s Pizza uses a high-speed connection to access the internet, and with use of the internet they have a domain name, www.dominosoline.com. By the use of the internet is the ultimate tool in marketing, means they can reach an even wider population. Domino`s have they own website that they operate on is secure and hence digital certified thus providing the user to browse safely. They have built secure internet architecture to safeguard the data that they collect online, example can be advertisement boards. The Dominoes Pizza uses internet browsers to surf the web and consists of other useful features which are used to make ordering a pizza as easy as possible, apart from that you can do everything on their site from browsing the menu and ordering a special pizza`s and furthermore tracking the customer pizza in real time from order to delivery. Differences In terms of difference we see that E-mails sent to customers by the Domino cannot be replied back therefore it help in eliminating the risk of acquiring any Spam without the need to make use of freeware or encryptions. This System does not incorporate chat services, newsgroup or message boards to any user. The System does not incorporate any file transfers over the internet, be it downloading or uploading. Recommendations According to the similarities and the differences, we see that the advantages and the disadvantages of using ordering online; several recommendations are advised to be considered by Domino`s Pizza for them to enhance their services and operation and performance. Ordering food online should be more dynamic and helpful to the customers by enabling them to send instant messages to the customers notifying them on cancelled orders via emails, phones or fax informing them about the dynamic change, and providing them with other feasible alternatives. The interface of the ordering food online should be implemented to support more functionality like incorporating tighter security measures. This will allow the user to have more interaction with the system and test the system of its fullest potential. Ethical Legal Issues Computer Ethics Computer ethics is the moral guidelines that govern use of computers and information systems. For example, unauthorized use of computers and network, software theft, information accuracy, intellectual property rights which is the rights to which creators are entitled for their work, codes of conduct and Information privacy According to James H. (2000), computer ethics is the study of the nature and social impact of computer technology and the corresponding formulation and justification of policies for the ethical use of technology. Information privacy is one element of the computers ethnics. Dominos Pizza Malaysia acknowledges and respects the privacy of individuals. This policy covers the personal information that Dominos Pizza and its franchisees hold and locate the way in which Dominos Pizza and its franchisees will use, manage and protect the customer personal information when the customer visit any of Dominos Pizza websites, or place an order with one of the stores. In additional, Dominos Pizza is concerned about the information accuracy of customers. Dominos Pizza will take reasonable steps to ensure that the personal information collected is accurate, complete and up-to-date. The customer can access and request correction of any personal information concerning the customer at any time. The customer may also request that the personal information be deleted at any time. Dominos will take reasonable steps to protect personal information from misuse, loss and unauthorised access, modification or disclosure. Cookie A variety of ways to safeguard personal information is installing a cookie manager to filter cookies. A cookie is a small data file sent from a web server that is stored on the computers hard drive. Cookies allow the customer to recognize their computer while the user is on the website and customize the customer online experience and make it more convenient and browse the website browse faster for the customer. This file enables to track visitor to the website and records certain data concerning that visit, such as the web pages that the customer viewed in order to access to the website. The use of cookies by Dominos Pizza enables the server to record the customer preferred language for navigating the website and improve the functionality of the website. Cookies are also useful in allowing more efficient log-in for users, tracking transaction histories and preserving information between sessions. Most web browser applications for example Microsoft Internet Explorer have features that can notify the user when the computer receive a cookie or prevent cookies from being sent. If the users disable cookies, however, the user may not be able to use certain personalized functions of the website. Encryption When Dominos Pizza receives or sends data via its website, it uses recognized industry standard encryption technology. Encryption is the translation of data into a secret code. Encryption is the most effective way to achieve data security. To read an encrypted file, the authorized person must access to a secret key or password that enables the user to decrypt it. Unencrypted data is called plain text whereas encrypted data is referred to as cipher text. Dominos Pizza is using Voltage Securitys Secure-mail encryption package to protect internal and external company e-mails. According to Anderson (2007), the manager of network security of Dominos Pizza, he claimed that the move is part of a corporate-wide data loss prevention initiative to avoid accidental loss of private or proprietary information. He realised that e-mails being sent to partners and suppliers, such as insurance providers, may contain information like social security numbers that must be encrypted before sending. The decisions about encryption will be made based on pre-set policy, not by individuals on a one-off basis Secure-mail will automatically flag e-mails with sensitive data and encrypt them automatically prior to sending. Recipients will be able to read protected messages without having to download and install client software. This image show how the encryption works Image Source: http://www.outsourcing.st/uploads/images/public-key-encryption-example.gif Privacy Laws Privacy laws have been set by Dominos Pizza for example like how Dominos Pizza collects customer information and how they use customer information. As Dominos Pizza continuously improve and expand their services, the policy might change from time to time. Whenever necessary, check the website regularly to stay informed of any updates. The policy is effective as from December 2009. Dominos Pizza reserves the right to modify or supplement the policy at any time. If a material change to the terms of this policy is made, Dominos will post a notice on its homepage and a link to the new policy. Dominos Pizza does not provide personally identifiable information to unaffiliated third parties for their use in marketing directly to the customer. Dominos Pizza may use unaffiliated companies to help it maintain and operate its website or for other reasons related to the operation of its business, and those companies may receive the customer personally identifiable information for that purpose. Personal information that the customer submit to Dominos may be disclosed to a third party such as the suppliers who are employed to provide some of the services such as mailing houses. For example, if the customer place an order via our internet order system, the customer details will be passed on to VeriSign, who receive the customer credit card details for internet order payment. VeriSign is a secure internet payment gateway that secures the customer credit card number during transmission. Dominos will not collect, use or disclose sensitive information such as information about racial or ethnic origins or political or religious beliefs except with the customer specific consent or in the circumstances permitted in the Malaysian privacy laws or any other related laws in Malaysia. Recommendation The customer can protect their privacy by fill in necessary information on registration forms, rebate and warranty. The customer can limit the amount of information provide to the websites, fill in only required information. The customer is encouraged to set up a free e-mail account and use this e-mail address for merchant forms such as ordering a pizza. In addition, sign up for e-mail filtering through the Internet service provider or use an anti-spam program, such as Brightmail. Do not reply to spam if necessary. Security Before I start to write about similarities and differences between the security issues and dominos pizza ordering online, we should know the first goal to security issues keep users safe and dominos pizza online need this service to save customers information from loss or damage. Similarities All of the security that Dominos Pizza executes and makes use of it is to win the customers reliance. Dominos company try always to gain the customer and security companies by providing appropriate for the users. All of them looking for renewal ideas, offers and Inventions like new recipes for pizza and such us security program scans the files and codes and automatically pass to the company site on the Internet and to compare these codes and the company will renew the information. All of them need the computer. Viruses, worms and Trojan horses hurt the security and hurt dominos pizza online also because dominos company using internet and company want save Privacy such us security the amendment or change within the Software Protection. All of them has specifically plan. All of them use internet explain, dominos use internet to make ordering easy for all people who using internet and also order what over the people want from dominos. Security fabricate because the people how use internet need to save the information also dominos company need the security to save data from steal or loss. Challenge and Competition. Security companies compete with each other in the services companies provided for the user to gain users satisfaction and also dominos company using advertisement in TV, newspapers and web sites compete with dominos many companies and restaurants such as pizza hut stubborn challenger for dominos. Differences: Security issues Dominos pizza online Security is software. The main benefit of the program is a firewall that works to protect the device during work on the Internet and this wall protects you from hackers Dominos pizza is restaurant best services through company web page Security is very important and indispensable to save the information away from the players and hackers. Dominos pizza is not important, because there are many restaurants that provide the same services also, therefore one cannot loss anything from not eating from pizza rest restaurant. Protection service and Information systems and prevent any person from entering except by permission of the user to our system Service request and this service is available to request through the website Problems in security: All off Virus Anti-Virus, Kaspersky, Nod32, Norton and AVG did not reach full perfection each of them has many flaws and errors such us program size and some of them has the property to delete without permission from user or some of this make system slow. Conclusion Stepping into the world of modernization, majority of the services are being computerized and programmed in a specific system to simplify and reduce labour work. It is a wise decision for Dominos to adopt online food ordering system due to its convenience and user friendly. Dominos website which provides online ordering also have saved profile of signed up customers, including full name, contact number and also complete address for delivery. It prevents mistakes of jotting down the details if customers order through phone call. Besides, Dominos have also kept a record of previous orders so that customers can refer to previous selection of their favourite pizzas. This online ordering service will undoubtedly attract more customers because Dominos allow customers to place an order via internet today and request for delivery on another day. The delivery time is also available at any time according to customers needs from 11.30am till 11.30pm. Another great service provided in online ordering service is Dominos have specifically engineered the Great Pizza Service Tracker that provides customers an up-to-date status from the moment customers place orders to the moment the pizza leaves the store. The status starts from order placed, preparing, baking, boxing, packing, ready for delivery, and lastly the pizza is ready for delivering. In conclusion, Dominos has successfully keeps their customer loyal is partly due to the wide usage of online food ordering service. This service has not only minimize mistakes while placing an order, it has also provides maximum satisfaction for customers during the selection of food. Recommendation According to our research about Domino`s Pizza, several recommendation are advised to be considered by the company to improve their services and operation performance: Planning Domino`s company needs an effective advertising structure or plan, in this case it will improve customer relations. The domino`s company needs to increase the speed and efficiency of pizza making, therefore means that they can cope with larger amount of customers and having long customer relations. Performance management Domino`s company should check how the employees are doing for example how they analyze the performance of the company. Employees are required to interface directly with the customers to improve better understanding; another thing is that the employees need to make certain decision in the company rather than waiting to be told what to do and how to do. For Domino`s to be successful, the employees need to work hard so that they can reach the objective the company. I will recommend the employees should be made happy for example, good working condition and to be treated fairly. Vision Domino`s company needs to improve on their sales which at the end will inevitably lead to more profit and fame also. The Domino also has to break in and expand and do well in the Malaysia market.